National defense is a good that is nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption. suppose that instead of national defense being paid for with tax dollars national defense is paid for by voluntary contributions from (potentially) all individuals within latvia. alan, who is a latvian citizen, must decide whether he wants to contribute to the national-defense budget. further, suppose that there are a total of 10 citizens, including alan. for the optimal amount of safety, each citizen should pay $10 . every $1 contributed (by anyone) to the national defense leads to increased security, which each person values at $0.25 . this means that every dollar spent on defense is worth $2.50 to latvia as a whole. how much does alan personally value the increase in national defense when he contributes $10 to the defense fund?

Ronald works for a small biotech firm. when the firm presents the results of its clinical trials to the fda, ronald realizes that the results are not accurate. he reports this to the fda. ronald is a(n)

Your assessment tool contains rich data about child progress in language and literacy but no details to explain the differences between children. you decide to: a. replace the tool with another b. analyze the data using factors such as language, ability, and participation rates c. review your anecdotal notations regarding language and literacy development d. talk with families about what they are seeing at home

1. the political environment in india has proven to be critical to company performance for both pepsico and coca-cola india. what specific aspects of the political environment have played key roles? could these effects have been anticipated prior to market entry? if not, could developments in the political arena have been handled better by each company? 2. timing of entry into the indian market brought different results for pepsico and coca-cola india. what benefits or disadvantages accrued as a result of earlier or later market entry? 3. the indian market is enormous in terms of population and geography. how have the two companies responded to the sheer scale of operations in india in terms of product policies, promotional activities, pricing policies, and distribution arrangements? 4. “global localization” (glocalization) is a policy that both companies have implemented successfully. give examples for each company from the case.