Roberto corporation was organized on january 1, 2018. the firm was authorized to issue 96,000 shares of $5 par common stock. during 2018, roberto had the following transactions relating to shareholders' equity: issued 10,700 shares of common stock at $5.60 per share. issued 19,900 shares of common stock at $9.80 per share. reported a net income of $92,000. paid dividends of $50,000. purchased 3,500 shares of treasury stock at $11.80 (part of the 19,900 shares issued at $9.80). what is total shareholders' equity at the end of 2018?

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If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Computing equivalent units is especially important for: (a) goods that take a relatively short time to produce, such as plastic bottles. (b) goods with sustainability implications in their production processes. (c) goods that are started and completed during the same period. (d) goods that take a long time to produce, such as airplanes.