If the distribution of water is a natural monopoly, then (i) multiple firms would likely each have to pay large fixed costs to develop their own network of pipes. (ii) allowing for competition among different firms in the water-distribution industry is efficient. (iii) a single firm can serve the market at the lowest possible average total cost. a. (ii) and (iii) only b. (i) and (iii) only c. (i) and (ii) only d. (iii) only

Prior to its closing, income summary had total debits of $1,190,500 and total credits of $1,476,300. what purpose is served by the income summary account and what is the nature of the entries that resulted in the $1,190,500 and the $1,476,300? the income summary account is used to the accounts. the $1,190,500 represents the , and the $1,476,300 represents . the company had of $ .

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Afirm's before-tax cost of debt, rd, is the interest rate that the firm must pay on debt. because interest is tax deductible, the relevant cost of debt used to calculate a firm's wacc is the cost of debt, rd (1 – t). the cost of debt is used in calculating the wacc because we are interested in maximizing the value of the firm's stock, and the stock price depends on cash flows. it is important to emphasize that the cost of debt is the interest rate on debt, not debt because our primary concern with the cost of capital is its use in capital budgeting decisions. the rate at which the firm has borrowed in the past is because we need to know the cost of capital. for these reasons, the on outstanding debt (which reflects current market conditions) is a better measure of the cost of debt than the . the on the company's -term debt is generally used to calculate the cost of debt because more often than not, the capital is being raised to fund -term projects. quantitative problem: 5 years ago, barton industries issued 25-year noncallable, semiannual bonds with a $1,600 face value and a 8% coupon, semiannual payment ($64 payment every 6 months). the bonds currently sell for $845.87. if the firm's marginal tax rate is 40%, what is the firm's after-tax cost of debt? round your answer to 2 decimal places. do not round intermediate calcu