answer:
1.using economic concepts explain the growth in multiple food stores from 1850s to present.
economies of scale → firm competitive advantage→ consolidated through marketing/advertising→ favourable externalfactors such as growing consumer wealth; enabling change in labour markets (e.g. increased flexibility, need for greater more convenience, etc. → growing barriers to entry as financial advantage secures wider access to land banks for example.
2.identify the limitations of using the concentration ratio as a measure of market power and evaluate the extent to which these can be overcome by using the herfindahl-hirschman index.
the market concentration ratio provides an indication of the percentage market share of the largest x firms →the limitations of the concentration ratio (chiefly no indication of relative market shares) led to a more discerning measure, the herfindahl-hirschman index (hhi)→hhi is given by the sum of the squares of the market shares of each firm in the industry and provides a better indication of industry features to include the extent of equality of market shares → problems remain students should identify change in supermarket profile as safeway exits and morrison (and walmart enter) .
3.suggest other possible explanations for the observed food price variation between the uk and other european economies.
price variation may be due to monopoly power and price control →students should also consider exchange rate effects→ high sterling value at the time of the investigation → relatively higher uk building costs → tax differences (this latter element was taken into account at the time of comparison, as were quality differences, but students may raise these as this information was not includedin the case).
4.identify and explain the technical economic concepts associated with the pricing regimes indicated in paragraph 9. what are the associated welfare consequences?
predatory pricing, prices set below average cost →the difficulty lies in identifying the relevant firm cost base→students may identify differences between short run costs and long run costs, different costs dependent on volume produced, etc→ having identified this difficulty students should then consider the welfare consequences that result from pricing below cost→ range of responses should include concerns that this strategy could drive out competition and secure higher long term pricing of dominant firm→ impact on consumer/producer surplus→discriminatory pricing, price variation that does not reflect product difference and/or additional costs→ identification of the
2three degrees, first/second/third degree→ consideration of possible welfare effects to include potential benefits of cross-subsidy that enable the servicing of a market that might not otherwise be considered.
5.discuss the regulatory implications associated with the remedies identified but dismissed as unsuitable in paragraph 10.
government regulation carries a commensurate direct cost through administration, monitoring and enforcement, etc → there are also indirect costs through its relative veracity in carrying out enforcement → direct costs may be increased disproportionately through excessive regulation relative to the gains made in seeking compliance → over-regulation may impose the indirect cost of a disincentive effect to business activity.
6.in what sense do land-banks represent a barrier to entry?
ownership and control of land banks provides supermarkets with the means of building more supermarkets and/or preventing other supermarkets from building →the capacity to pursue this course of action is dependent on access to significant financial resources → the greater the market share the greater the likelihood of being able to access requisite funding and thereby erect a barrier to other supermarkets being able to accumulate land → the relative absence of planning permission is therefore less of an issue if the intention is to prevent and/or deny other supermarkets the possibility of being able to gain market share. 7.the final paragraph embodies the sentiments of which key economist(s). explain and justify your choice.
adam smith associated with the notion of firm self-interest and the potential for societal gain → schumpeter introduces the scope for falling average costs through creative destruction → hayek the role of price signals → by contrast we have the concerns of welfare economist such as sen which focus on the uneven gain/loss. students should extend the discussion to explore the welfare consequences of economic activity as illustrated by the supermarket industry and articulated by such groups as friends of the earth (environmental concerns ofstock-piling land banks, etc)
explanation:
