In her interview with dalton conley, devah pager discusses her field work in milwaukee and new york, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. in addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. this racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's
a) stigma
b) secondary deviance
c) class solidarity
d) organic solidarity