Middle managers of a marketing firm were addressing the problem of creating eye-catching ads that were able to be easily reproduced in both color and black and white. one manager said, "the main problem here is we should be using color to lure the consumer instead of trying to minimize costs with black and white ads." which of the following best describes the decision-making problem that this manager is exhibiting?

a. the manager is engaging in escalation of commitment.
b. the manager is being too creative.
c. the manager is involved in participative decision making.
d. the manager is suffering from the representativeness heuristic.
e. the manager is defining the problem in terms of a solution.