Which of the followings is a major disadvantage of naive and moving average models? a. these models are inexpensive to develop and operate. b. the performance of these models is better than that of sophisticated models, such as regression methods. c. possible causal relationships that underlie the forecasted variable are not considered. d. new information does not have to be updated on a rolling basis in these models.

He interest rate effect is the change in real gdp caused by the federal reserve adjusting target interest rates. is the change in consumer and investment spending due to changes in interest rates resulting from changes in the aggregate price level. is the change in exports and imports, resulting from changes in the interest rate caused by changes in the aggregate price level. is the change in investment spending and government purchases caused by changes in money demand. is the change in interest rates, caused by changes to government purchases.