Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence
a. exceeds the critical angle.
b. equals the angle of reflection.
c. is less than the critical angle.
d. is zero.

The winston company estimates that the factory overhead for the following year will be $1,250,000. the company has decided that the basis for applying factory overhead should be machine hours, which is estimated to be 50,000 hours. the total machine hours for the year were 54,300. the actual factory overhead for the year were $1,375,000. determine the over- or underapplied amount for the year.

Benton company (bc), a calendar year entity, has one owner, who is in the 37% federal income tax bracket (any net capital gains or dividends would be taxed at a 20% rate). bc's gross income is $395,000, and its ordinary trade or business deductions are $245,000. ignore the standard deduction (or itemized deductions) and the deduction for qualified business income. if required, round computations to the nearest dollar. a. bc is operated as a proprietorship, and the owner withdraws $100,000 for personal use. bc's taxable income for the current year is $ , and the tax liability associated with the income from the sole proprietorship is $ . b. bc is operated as a c corporation, pays out $100,000 as salary, and pays no dividends to its shareholder. bc's taxable income for the current year is $ , and bc's tax liability is $ . the shareholder's tax liability is $ . c. bc is operated as a c corporation and pays out no salary or dividends to its shareholder. bc's taxable income for the current year is $ , and bc's tax liability is $ . d. bc is operated as a c corporation, pays out $100,000 as salary, and pays out the remainder of its earnings as dividends. bc's taxable income for the current year is $ , and bc's tax liability is $ .

Suppose that real interest rates increase across europe. this development will u.s. net capital outflow at all u.s. real interest rates. this causes the loanable funds to because net capital outflow is a component of that curve.