Gina production company uses a standard costing system. the following information pertains to the current year:

actual overhead costs ($16,500 is fixed) $40,125
actual direct labor costs (11,250 hours) $131,625
standard direct labor for 5,500 units:
standard hours allowed 11,000 hours
labor rate $12.00
the overhead rate is based on an activity level of 10,000 hours. standard cost data for 5,000 units is as follows:

variable overhead $22,500
fixed overhead 13,500
total overhead $36,000
what is the fixed overhead volume variance for gina production company?

a .$1,350 fb. $3,600 fc. $4,125 ud. $1,350 u

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.