Suppose the multiplier is 5 and the government increases its purchases by $15 billion. also, suppose the ad curve would shift from ad1 to ad2 if there were no crowding out; the ad curve actually shifts from ad1 to ad3 with crowding out. also, suppose the horizontal distance between the curves ad1 and ad3 is $55 billion. the extent of crowding out, for any particular level of the price level, is:
a) 20 billion
b) 30 billion
c) 10 billion
d) 40 billion

A) 20 billion

Explanation:

Y = AD

   = C + I + G  

C = A + cY

A - Autonomous Consumption

c - MPC

Y = A + cY + I + G

Y - cY = A + I + G

Y(1 - c) = A + I + G  

Y = (A + I + G)*1/(1 - c)

Taking derivative with respect to goverement purchase  

dY/dG = 1/(1 - c)  

( here d is represting del we are representing partial derivative.)

1/(1 - c) = Multiplier

dY = Multiplier*dG  

     = 5*15  

     = 75

75 = horizontal distance between AD1 & AD2

55 = horizontal distance between AD1 & AD3  

Extent of crowding out = 75 - 55 = 20

Therefore, the Extent of crowding out is 20 billion.

the correct answer would be b, when, queen, calder hall and london.

explanation:

we always capitalize words when a paragraph or sentence is starting, when an important name is used, when a place is being written, or simply when a noun is used, etc. so in this sentence, sentence is starting from 'when', so it will be written in capital letters. secondly, queen is considered to be an important person, so it will also be written in capital letter. next, the name of the town is mentioned, i-e calder hall, which will also be written in capital letters. in the last,   city name is being used, 'london', which will also be written in capital letters. so option b is the most appropriate one.

say it in english maybe we can