On december 31, 2018, the end of its first year of operations, sunland associates owned the following securities that are held as long-term investments. common stock shares cost c co. 970 $41,710 d co. 4,940 36,062 e co. 1,147 21,793 on this date, the total fair value of the securities was equal to its cost. the securities are not held for influence or control over the investees. in 2019, the following transactions occurred. july 1 received $2 per share semiannual cash dividend on d co. common stock. aug. 1 received $0.50 per share cash dividend on c co. common stock. sept. 1 sold 1,030 shares of d co. common stock for cash at $8 per share. oct. 1 sold 320 shares of c co. common stock for cash at $58 per share. nov. 1 received $1 per share cash dividend on e co. common stock. dec. 15 received $0.50 per share cash dividend on c co. common stock. 31 received $2.10 per share semiannual cash dividend on d co. common stock.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.