An increase in interest rates affects aggregate demand by
a. shifting the aggregate demand curve to the right, increasing real gdp and lowering the price level
b. shifting the aggregate demand curve to the left, reducing real gdp and lowering the price level
c. shifting the aggregate supply curve to the left, decreasing real gdp and increasing the price level

He set of companies a product goes through on the way to the consumer is called the a. economic utility b. cottage industry c. market saturation d. distribution chain

Aprice ceiling is “binding” if the price ceiling is set below the equilibrium price. suppose that the equilibrium price is $5. if a price ceiling is set at $6, this will not affect the market in any way since $5 remains a legally allowable price (since $5 < $6). a price ceiling of $6 is called a “non-binding” price ceiling. on the other hand, if the price ceiling is set at $4, the price ceiling is “binding” because the natural equilibrium price is $5 but that is no longer allowed. what happens when there is a binding price ceiling? at a price below the equilibrium price, quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied. there is a shortage. normally, price increases eliminate shortages by increasing quantity supplied and decreasing quantity demanded. in this case, however, price increases are not allowed past the price ceiling. we therefore predict that the observed market price will be right at the price ceiling and there will be a permanent shortage. the observed quantity bought and sold will be dictated by the quantity supplied at the price ceiling. although consumers would like to buy more, there are no more units for sale

Zapper has beginning equity of $257,000, net income of $51,000, dividends of $40,000 and investments by stockholders of $6,000. its ending equity is