Afirm's management purchases all the issued and outstanding stock of the firm and takes the company off the stock market. the management of this company has engaged in:

Privatisation

Explanation:

The privatisation consists of two distinct concepts and ideas. The first one is when a government owned firm is privatised, and when a publicly traded company is privatised. In the above scenario, a firm's management purchases all the issued and outstanding stocks which means the company is shifting from publicly traded company to a private company.

i have economics during second block which is easy to me. anyways, i think b.

answer (b); /// a method of measuring the opinions of a large group of people by selecting a subset of the larger group, asking them a set of questions and then generalizing those responses;