Calvert city's police officers must successfully pass a test to be promoted. The test was job related and professionally developed and validated. This year, the city discovered that African American officers taking the test scored significantly lower than white officers. Therefore, the city did not use the test scores for promotions. The city's decision
a. caused no discrimination against the white officers.
b. caused disparate impact discrimination against the white officers.
c. caused disparate treatment discrimination against the white officers.
d. caused both disparate treatment and disparate impact discrimination against the white officers.

Juanita and sam attend a beach party and notice that the local beach appears to have a great deal more trash washed up on shore than it did when they were young. the water doesn't appear nearly as clear, and there seems to be less evidence of small water creatures living in the shallows. an afternoon at the local library convinces them that one major cause is the new factory nearby. after some discussion, they decide their next step should be identifying the cause of the changes identifying the problem picketing the guilty factory lobbying their elected representatives to complain about the problem talking to a local environmental group about solutions