1) true or false :
International trade began in the 18th century.

2) true or false :
twentieth-century sports marketing efforts focused primarily on female fans.

3) true or false:
economic sanctions are more restrictive than trade sanctions.

4) true or false:
less affluent countries are more susceptible to ethnocentric management orientations.

1) False

2) False

3) True

4) True

Explanation:

1) International trade did not begin in 18th century but it started in between 16th and 17th century when the barter system was shifting towards mercantilism. Therefore, answer is False.

2) Twentieth-century although marked duly rise in the female sports fans but marketing efforts were not primarily shifted towards them but included them among the male sports fan base. The female fans created a new segment of marketing which resulted in creating a new product line according to their tastes and preferences. Therefore, the answer is false.

3) Economic sanction does not take into consideration only the economic factors but also various other factors like trade barriers, restrictions on financial transactions, etc. Thus, this makes the economic sanctions more restrictive in nature than the trade sanctions. Therefore, the answer is true.

4) Less affluent countries generally focuses on minimizing the cost and not maximizing the profit in order to meet there requirements effectively. Thus, such countries mostly prefer to use ethnocentric orientation of management system and therefore prefer to operate locally as this would help them minimize the cost and reduce wastage. Therefore, the answer is true.