A reverse stock split is defined as a(n):

a. increase in the number of shares outstanding.
b. company buying back existing shares of its stock on the open market.
c. company issuing additional shares to its existing shareholders.
d. decrease in the number of shares outstanding without affecting total owners' equity.
e. decrease in both the number of shares outstanding and the market price per share.

By changing its recipe, a smoothie chain is reacting to a change in the environment. while it is important to be able to quickly adapt, it is also important to take a proactive approach to changes in the marketing environment. implementing a proactive approach requires constantly scanning and analyzing the environment so that changes do not come as a surprise. the statements below are findings from environmental scanning and analysis. select the marketing environment force that best describes each of the statements listed.