Two investment managers disagree over whether to trust Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs has been called a "giant vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity, relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money." One manager has received good advice from the firm. The other has caught the firm salesmen using tricks on three separate occasions. Their disagreement is .

Why is it easier for new entrants to get involved in radical innovations when compared to incumbent firms? a. unlike incumbent firms, new entrants do not have to face the high entry barriers, initially. b. new entrants are embedded in an innovation ecosystem, while incumbent firms are not. c. unlike incumbent firms, new entrants do not have formal organizational structures and processes. d. incumbent firms do not have the advantages of network effects that new entrants have.