Vertical integration is a strategy in which a company expands backwards into an industry that provides outputs for its products. Usha Martin followed this strategy by:

a. aking coal and then starting to make wire ropes.
b. making wire ropes and expanding to make the steel for the ropes.
c. implementing coal mining and then starting to make steel.
d. making steel and expanding to making the wire ropes out of it.

Allen's office department manufactures computer desks in its​ moosejaw, saskatchewan, plant. the company uses activity based costing to allocate all manufacturing conversion costs​ (direct labour and manufacturing​ overhead). its activities and related data​ follow: ​(click the icon to view the activity areas and related​ data.) requirements 1. compute the​ per-unit manufacturing product cost of standard desks and unpainted desks. 2. premanufacturing​ activities, such as product​ design, were assigned to the standard desks at $ 5 each and to the unpainted desks at $ 2 each. similar analyses were conducted of postmanufacturing​ activities, such as​ distribution, marketing, and customer service. the postmanufacturing costs were $ 31 per standard and $ 26 per unpainted desk. compute the full product costs per desk. 3. which product costs are reported in the external financial​ statements? which costs are used for management decision​ making? explain the difference. 4. what price should allen's managers set for standard desks to earn a $ 52 profit per​ desk?