In the British Isles, Guinness brewery was given the right to produce and market Budweiser beer by Anheuser-Busch, its U. S. brand owner. Because Guinness pays Anheuser-Busch royalties for the use of its brand, this is an example of a(n) .

licensing agreement

Explanation: In certain instances or scenarios such as the scenario being described above, two companies or parties may reach a legal agreement on the authorized usage of a company's brand, produce and market goods, use copyright or patented materials or services belonging to one of the contracting parties whereby the other party(patentee) whose brand is being used is paid a sum of money for the authorization granted to the other company usually called the Royalty fee.

cognitive overload: having a lot on your mind impairs decision-making and tends to result in the simplest, but not necessarily best, option being selected.

empathy gaps: overlooking how you might feel in a different situation can result in unnecessary purchases, such as overbuying when shopping for food on an empty stomach.

optimism and overconfidence: wearing rose-tinted glasses and having unrealistic expectations about the future can affect money management and leave you unprepared for a change in circumstance.

instant gratification: seeking instant gratification drives impulsive spending and can undermine long-term planning and savings.

harmful habits: automatic or mindless behaviour can amplify a poor financial decision as it becomes a recurring event.

social norms: we are heavily influenced by the actions of others; while this can be in certain circumstances, it also contributes to the pressure to keep up with the joneses through conspicuous consumption.