A large firm in the newspaper industry employs 250 people, of which 36 are upper-level managers. As a result of this employee-to-manager ratio, the firm experiences 14.4% reduced productivity. At the same time, a small firm with 65 employees and 4 upper-level managers experiences 6.2% reduced productivity. If everything else is constant, what can we say about the cost structure in this industry over this range of production?

The firms in this industries have dis-economies of scale.

Explanation:

When firms have dis-economies of scale, they experience higher average cost (this means lower productivity) with a rise in the output.

the correct answer is economics is a game without winners or losers.

unlike sports or games economic is a game without losers or winner rather it is a game where everyone wins. parties of business doing businesses exchange money with each other and hence exchange is done on the basis of goods. one party takes the goods and other sales it so there is winner on both sides. each party values more highly the good it gets than the good it gives up. both sides exchange only because both intend to increase their value. so there is no concept of lose or win.