Starting in the 1970s, medical technology allowed babies with very low birth weight (vlbw, less than 1500 grams, about 3.3 pounds) to survive without major handicaps. it was noticed that these children nonetheless had difficulties in school and as adults. a long-term study has followed 238 vlbw babies to age 20 years, along with a control group of 238 babies from the same population who had normal birth weight. iq scores were available for 119 men in the vlbw group. the mean iq was 85.9, and the standard deviation was 14.9. the 109 men in the control group had mean iq 98, with standard deviation 15.4.

Responsible for setting the goals and planning for the future as well as leading and controlling the work of others. out the decisions of top management. often responsible for various departments such as the production, marketing, and accounting departments. process or function of planning organizing leading and controlling. the resources arranged in an orderly and functional way to accomplish goals and objectives. the company on track and making sure goals are met. for the daily operations of a business. examples of this are supervisors, office managers, and crew leaders. act or process of creating goals and objectives as well as the strategies to meet them. for the daily operations of a business. examples of this are supervisors, office managers, and crew leaders. how the firm is structured and who is in charge of whom. direction and vision