Suppose Ajinomoto's marginal cost remains equal to zero, but for Jiali and Quingdao, marginal costs rise above zero. How would this affect the incentive of Ajinimoto to act noncooperatively and change its output?

Ajinomoto will likely not have an incentive to increase or change its output of MSG.

Explanation:

Remember, marginal cost focuses on the increase in cost  additional unit of a product. Therefore, based on the limited information provided, Ajinomoto's decision will likely be based on it's market share. If the marginal cost equals zero, and it has more of the market share it will likely not influence them to change or increase their output.

being born in poverty would limit the people's chances, opportunities and benefits.

this happen because of several things, such as:

- poor people tend to gain less access to good education and nutrition. this mean that their chance to obtain high paying jobs would also be limited.

- poor people tend to socialize with other poor people while the rich tend to socialize with other rich people. this means that simply throguh their social circle, rich people would have more business opportunities compared to the poor people.

- rich people tend to have more capital in their disposal. this would benefit them in business since it is far easier for them to fund their business operation compared to poor people.