help individuals understand their roles in an organization, especially in times of crisis. Group of answer choices Vertical linkages Horizontal linkages Spatial linkages Departmental linkages

Vertical Linkages

Explanation:

A linkage refers to a connect between two parts. In the organizational context, it refers to communication and coherence between different departments and levels.

Vertical linkage refers to the chain of command and assignment of responsibilities by top level management, vertically downwards to the lower level or operational level management.

Such a chain serves as a mode of communication and as means coordination within an organization.

Activities are performed and tasks are executed by the lower level management, which are consistent and in alignment with the top level management goals. The employees at lower level update their progress to the top level w.r.t the extent goals and targets have been met.

An organization may create such linkages via rules of hierarchy, creation of levels or establishment of formal system of management.

So during adverse times, such a linkage helps since, everybody is aware in advance what they are supposed to do and there is no ambiguity.

answer; (a) calling people who have not shown interest in the product and asking them to buy it;