Hubert has plans to go to a play and already has a $50 nonrefundable, nonexchangeable, and nontransferable ticket. Now Frances, whom Hubert has wanted to date for a long time, asks him to a party. Hubert would prefer to go to the party with Frances and forgo the play, but he doesn't want to waste the $50 he spent on the play ticket.
From the perspective of an economist, if Hubert decides to go to the party with Frances, what has he just done?

a) Incorrectly allowed a sunk cost to influence his decision.
b) Made a choice that was not optimal.
c) Correctly ignored a sunk cost.

Which of the following is a disadvantage to choosing a sole proprietorship business structure? question 9 options: the owner has personal responsibility for the company's liabilities. the owner has to share the profits with partners. the owner is still liable for personal debts. the owner has to report to shareholders.

Robert black, regional manager for ford in texas and oklahoma, faced a dilemma. the ford f-150 pickup truck was the best-selling pickup ever, yet ford's headquarters in detroit had decided to introduce a completely redesigned f-150. how could mr. black sell both trucks at the same time? he still had "old" f-150s in stock. in his advertising, mr. black referred to the new f-150s as follows: "not a better f-150. just the only truck good enough to be the next f-150." this statement represents ford's of the new f-150.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.