A private sector, not-for-profit hospital received a pledge of $250,000 in 2019 to be used for a building to be constructed in 2020 but contingent on the hospital being able to raise an equivalent amount from other donors. As of the end of 2019, 75% of the amount had been raised from other donors. In 2020, the hospital raised the remaining amount from other donors. The donor gave the $250,000 to the hospital in 2020 and the building was completed in 2021. In which year should the hospital recognize the $250,000 from the pledge

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.