Knowing that accounting and reporting laws differ widely around the world thereby posing risks for the international business, briefly explain for each how physical asset valuation (PAV) and research and
development (R&D) costs are likely to pose risks?

The answer is explained below.

Explanation:

Physical asset valuation is the process used to determine the fair market value of an asset. Research and development is the process whereby a company works in order to obtain new knowledge that will be used to create new technology, services, products, or systems.

Due to the different accounting practices which are accepted by different countries, companies has to consolidate their accounting into a standard. But in a situation whereby a foreign accounting procedure is translated to an accepted and followed standard, this might lead to valuation discrepancies. Therefore, an asset valued at certain amount may fall in value due to the foreign accounting standard used when compared to local accounting standards.

The same follows with the Research and Development cost as there is currency valuations involved and the gap in values of the currencies of the two nations can lead to differences in the the total cost of the project.