At the end of 2011 Mardle Inc. reported retained earnings of $1,648 . At the end of 2012, the retained earnings were $4,897 . If Mardle Inc. had net income of $4,255 in 2012, what was the amount of dividends paid by Mardle in 2012

The goal of an economist who formulates new theories is to a. provide an interesting framework of analysis, whether or not the framework turns out to be of much use in understanding how the world works. b. provoke stimulating debate in scientific journals. c. contribute to an understanding of how the world works. d. demonstrate that economists, like other scientists, can formulate testable theories.