According to the product life-cycle theory, while demand for new products is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries:. a) remains limited to high-income groups.
b) necessitates production of that product in those countries.
c) necessitates outsourcing of production to low-cost locations.
d) raises the cost of production in the United States.
e) causes a shift in the position of the United States from that of an exporter to an importer.

Financial markets and channel to . they also channel money from individuals who want to for the future to those who need cash to spend today. a third function of financial markets is to allow individuals and businesses to adjust their risk. for example, , such as the vanguard index fund, and , such as spdr's or “spiders,” allow individuals to spread their risk across a large number of stocks. financial markets provide other mechanisms for sharing risks. for example, a wheat farmer and a baker may use the to reduce their exposure to wheat prices. financial markets and intermediaries allow investors to turn an investment into cash when needed. for example, the of public companies are because they are traded in huge volumes on the . are the main providers of payment services by offering checking accounts and electronic transfers. finally, financial markets provide information. for example, the of a company that is contemplating an issue of debt can look at the yields on existing to gauge how much interest the company will need to pay.