Nicole is a calendar-year taxpayer who accounts for her business using the cash method. On average, Nicole sends out bills for about 512,000 of her services at the first of each month. The bills are due by the end of the month, and typically 70 percent of the bills are paid on time and 98 percent are paid within 60 days. a) Suppose that Nicole is expecting a 2 percent reduction in her marginal tax rate next year. Ignoring the time value of money, estimate the tax savings for Nicole if she postpones mailing of bills for December until January 1 of next year.
b) Describe how the time value of money affects your calculations.
c) Would this tax savings strategy create any additional business risks? Explain.

a) I guess that Nicole bills $12,000 per month, not $512,000.

Assuming that the last time Nicole billed her customers was November, she was able to collect $11,760 before the year ended. I will also assume that the remaining $240 are uncollectible.

If Nicole postpones billing her customers during December, her taxable income as a cash basis taxpayer will decrease by $12,000 x 70% = $8,400

she will be able to save $8,400 x 2% = $168 in current taxes, but she will have to pay them next year anyways.

b) The time value of money should affect Nicole's calculations because she is saving the interests that could be earned by $168 in 1 year. We are not given any specific interest rate but we could use 6% as an example. Nicole will gain $168 x 6% = $10.08

But she will also lose potential interests earned on the $8,400 that she billed later. Using the same interest rate, 6%, she will lose $8,400 x 6% x 1/12 (only 1 month) = $42.

That means that the net result from this = $10.08 - $42 = -$31.92.

As you can see, Nicole is losing money. The higher the interest rate, the more money she will lose.

c) The risk of increasing uncollectible accounts will always exist. Nicole already has around 2% of uncollectible accounts, and combining two bills at one time might lead to a higher percentage of uncollectible accounts. Of course, this depends on her clients, but the risk will increase a little bit or a lot, but it will increase.  

it should be

since the options are not listed, when you are working on your budget you should also add water, tv, internet, miscellaneous and your 'fun' money for in your budget. when budgeting, you need to allow for fun money, and mis/accidental money so that you stick to the budget and not go crazy because you feel strapped to the budget.