D)Recently in the US and Europe, technologies for human enhancement have attracted public and scientific debate. While enhancement of human abilities has always been a goal for technology development, new technologies now directly intervene in human sensory and cognitive apparatus. Scientific input from neuroscience, nanotechnology (e. g. the development of devices and materials) as well computer science are fuelling the development of these emerging technologies. A major application of these technologies is neural implants and other brain-machine interface devices. Some of them are dedicated to medical purposes, e. g., to reconstruct visual and auditory sensory abilities (retina and cochlea implants). Other implants have direct consequences for language production and self control (deep brain stimulation for patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease). Enhancement technologies can also be non-invasive like pharmaceuticals aiming at improving cognitive abilities but also regulating emotions. In some countries, the use of these substances has already produced concern about societal consequences. Part of this debate is also the increasing potential of neuroscience in analysing brain activity patterns by which thoughts and brain states can be identified. In the future, this can, for example, enhance possibilities to detect liars. These research results have triggered debate about the increasing control potential of these technologies, but also about the nature of the intervention in the “human condition” that is supposed to be altered. Based on the case study above answer the following questions

i)Discuss the main arguments and legitimisation efforts for or against human enhancement (8 Marks)