Lump-sum taxes are rarely used in the real world because: a. while lump-sum taxes have low administrative burdens, they have high deadweight losses.
b. while lump-sum taxes have low deadweight losses, they have high administrative burdens.
c. lump-sum taxes are often viewed as unfair because they take the same amount of money from both poor and rich.
d. lump-sum taxes are very inefficient.

c. lump-sum taxes are often viewed as unfair because they take the same amount of money from both poor and rich.

Explanation:

To understand this question, you have to first understand what lump-sum taxes are.

Lump-sum taxes are a system of taxes where everybody pays the same amount of tax no matter their economic status, or their actions. Basically, lump-sum taxes take the same amount of money from the rich and the poor, hugely increasing the burden on the poor and lessening that of the rich.

As an example, a lump-sum tax of $100 would require everybody to pay $100. To a person earning, say $120, that would be a huge hit, and be a huge burden on his normal life. However, to a rich person who earns, say, $10000, that would be much more easier for the rich person.

Hence, lump-sum taxes are often viewed as unfair because of the unfair advantage the rich have over the poor in tax-paying.

Hope this helped!

answer; i believe the correct answer is (business necessity defense;

i guess you could put raise the economic balance