In 1973 and​ 1974, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries​ (OPEC) imposed an embargo on shipments of crude oil to the United States. What followed was a drastic reduction in the quantity of gasoline available at local gas pumps. Congress imposed a price ceiling​, or maximum​ price, of​ $0.57 per gallon of leaded regular gasoline. That price ceiling was intended to keep gasoline​ "affordable." ​1.) Using the line drawing​ tool, depict the effect of the crude oil embargo such that the​ free-market price would rise to​ $1.50 per gallon.​ (Draw any shift in a line parallel to the original​ line.) Properly label this line. ​2.) Using the point drawing​ tool, illustrate the quantity supplied at the price ceiling of​ $0.57 per gallon.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e.g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.