When using a grid analysis to weigh your options, how can bias be introduced?

At the end of the week, carla receives her paycheck and goes directly to the bank after work to make a deposit into her savings account. the bank keeps the required reserve and then loans out the remaining balance to a qualified borrower named malik as a portion of his small business loan. malik uses the loan to buy a tractor for his construction business and makes small monthly payments to the bank to payback the principal balance plus interest on the loan. the bank profits from a portion of the interest payment received and also passes some of the interest back to carla in the form of an interest payment to her savings account. in this example, the bank is acting

Consider how health insurance affects the quantity of health care services performed. suppose that the typical medical procedure has a cost of $160, yet a person with health insurance pays only $40 out of pocket. her insurance company pays the remaining $120. (the insurance company recoups the $120 through premiums, but the premium a person pays does not depend on how many procedures that person chooses to undergo.) consider the following demand curve in the market for medical care. use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the quantity of procedures demanded if each procedure has a price of $160. then use the grey point (star symbol) to indicate the quantity of procedures demanded if each procedure has a price of $40. q d at p=$160 q d at p=$40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 price of medical procedures quantity of medical procedures demand if the cost of each procedure to society is truly $160, the quantity that maximizes total surplus is procedures. economists often blame the health insurance system for excessive use of medical care. given your analysis, the use of care might be viewed as excessive because consumers get procedures whose value is than the cost of producing them.

Paid-in-capital in excess of par represents the amount of proceeds a. from the original sale of common stock b. in excess of the par value from the original sale of common stock c. at the current market value of the common stock d. at the curent book value of the common stock