Which three approaches to management are considered historical perspectives?

Alandowner entered into a written agreement with a real estate broker whereby the broker would receive a commission of 10% of the sale price if he procured a "ready, willing, and able buyer" for the landowner's property and if the sale actually proceeded through closing. the broker found a buyer who agreed in writing to buy the property from the landowner for $100,000, the landowner's asking price. the buyer put up $6,000 as a down payment. the agreement between the landowner and the buyer contained a liquidated damages clause providing that, if the buyer defaulted by failing to tender the balance due of $94,000 at the closing date, damages would be 10% of the purchase price. the landowner included that clause because she was counting on using the proceeds of the sale for a business venture that would likely net her at least $10,000. the buyer became seriously ill and defaulted. when he recovered, he demanded that the landowner return his $6,000, and the landowner refused. the broker also demanded the $6,000 from the landowner and was refused. the broker and the buyer filed separate suits against the landowner, with the buyer pleading impossibility of performance. the two cases are consolidated into a single case. how should the court rule as to the disposition of the $6,000?

conquest, inc. produces a special kind of light-weight, recreational vehicle that has a unique design. it allows the company to follow a cost-plus pricing strategy. it has $9,000,000 of average assets, and the desired profit is a 10% return on assets. assume all products produced are sold. additional data are as follows: sales volume 1000 units per year; variable costs $1000 per unit; fixed costs $4,000,000 per year; using the cost-plus pricing approach, what should be the sales price per unit?

Corrective action must be taken for a project when (a) actual progress to the planned progress shows the progress is ahead of schedule. (b) the technical specifications have been met. (c) the actual cost of the activities is less than the funds received for the work completed. (d) the actual progress is less than the planned progress.