A fixed cost: Select one: a. Has already been incurred and cannot be avoided so it is irrelevant for decision making. b. Changes with changes in the volume of activity within the relevant range.. c. Requires the future outlay of cash and is relevant for future decision making. d. Does not change with changes in the volume of activity within the relevant range. e. Is directly traceable to a cost object.

D. A fixed cost is a cost that stays the same no matter the conditions or changes

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.