According to charles's law, under which conditions will the volume of a given amount of gas be proportional to temperature

If anyone would be able to me out with these three questions it would be these are from the chem 2202 course.

The characteristics of two different types of reactions are shown below: reaction a: electrons are gained by the atoms of an element. reaction b: protons are lost by the atom of an element. which statement is true about the atoms of the elements that participate in the two reactions? their identity changes in both reaction a and reaction b. their identity changes in reaction a but not in reaction b. their identity changes in reaction b but not in reaction a. their identity remains the same in both reaction a and reaction b.

A40 kilogram skier starts at the top of a 12 meter high slope. at the bottom, she is travelling 10 meters per second. how much energy does she lose to friction