Chemistry, 11.07.2019 07:00 lauren21bunch

In a student experiment, a constant-volume gas thermometer is calibrated in liquid nitrogen (−196°c ) and in boiling ethyl alcohol (77°c). the separate pressures are 0.349 atm and 1.634 atm. hint: use the linear relationship p = a + bt, where a and b are constants. (a) what value of absolute zero does the calibration yield?

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Answer from: wedderman6049

The given linear equation is:

P=a+bt

Determine the value of a and b (constants) by plug in the values of pressure and temperature.

$P_{1}$ (Pressure of liquid nitrogen) = 0.349 atm

$T_{1}$ (Temperature of liquid nitrogen) = $-196^{0}C$

$P_{2}$ (Pressure of ethyl alcohol) = 1.634 atm

$T_{2}$ (Temperature of ethyl alcohol) = $77^{0}C$

Put above values in given equation:

$P_{1}=a+bT_{1}$

$0.349 atm=a+b(-196^{0}C)$ (1)

$P_{2}=a+bT_{2}$

$1.634 atm=a+b(77^{0}C)$ (2)

Subtract equation (1) from equation (2), we get the value of b

$1.285 atm = b(273^{0}C)$

$b = 4.7\times 10^{-3} atm/^{0}C$

Now, put the value of b in equation (1)

$0.349 atm=a+(4.7\times 10^{-3}atm/^{0}C)(-196^{0}C)$

$a = (0.349) + (4.7\times 10^{-3}atm/^{0}C)(196^{0}C)$

$a =921.549\times 10^{-3} atm$

Now, at absolute zero, Pressure is equal to zero.

Absolute temperature = $T_{o} =-\frac{a}{b}$

$T_{o} = -\frac{921.549\times 10^{-3} atm}{4.7\times 10^{-3} atm/^{0}C}$

= $-196.074 ^{0}C$

Thus, absolute zero = $-196.074 ^{0}C$

Answer from: Quest

They carry out the exchange of gases as we breathe ( oxygen and carbon dioxide).

Answer from: Quest

assuming that your periodic table has eighteen columns, you should highlight the four elements in the third column from the left of the table.

explanation

neutral atoms of elements after calcium contain d electrons. the energy of d orbitals of a particular main shell lies between the energy of the s and p orbitals of the next main shell. for example, electrons in the $3d$ have energy higher than those in the $4 s$ orbital while lower than those of the $4 p$ orbital.

by the aufbau principle, electrons fill orbitals one at a time, starting from those of the lowest energy. the $4s$ orbital is therefore filled right after $3p$ orbitals and before $3 d$ orbitals.

potassium has electron configuration $[\text{ar}] 4 s^{1}$ and calcium $[\text{ar}] 4 s^{2}$ . the s orbital of a main shell holds a maximum of two electrons. the next element would thus have the electron configuration $[\text{ar}] 4 s^{2} \; 3d^{1}$ and satisfy the requirements.

a neutral atom of the element contains three electrons on top of the most recent noble gas element. it should thus be placed in the third column of the periodic table. both scandium and yttrium would satisfy the conditions. an aufbau diagram indicates that the 4f orbital is filled before the 5d. however, it appears that exceptions exists for both lanthanum and actinium. neutral atoms of the two d-block elements also demonstrate the $ns^{2} \; (n-1) p^{1}$ and should be highlighted as well.

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In a student experiment, a constant-volume gas thermometer is calibrated in liquid nitrogen (−196°c...

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