What sort of adaptations are usually passed on to the offspring of an organism

The sort of adaptations that are usually passed to the offspring of an  organism is the adaptation that helps it survive in its environment. 

The problem here is that according to aufbau principle before 3d orbital 4s subshell comes.after filling 3p orbital with electrons you have 4 electrons left, you place two in 4s with opposite spin and the other two in 3d in any of its two orbitals of total five orbitals with the same spin.

In any atom of any element, you will find protons and neutrons in the nucleus of any atom