Beyond what volume of added acid is the ph calculated by focusing on the amount of excess strong acid added?

In an acid base titration (for example a strong acid and strong base like HCl and NaOH), at equivalence point, the number moles of acid is equal to the number of moles of base.

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Moles of Acid = Moles of Base

V(HCl) * M(HCl) = V(NaOH)*M(NaOH)

Now, beyond the equivalence point as more acid is added, the resulting pH will depend on the excess acid present.

answer : a model is often used to explain and make things easier to understand when any scientific topic needs to be demonstrated and explained.

as in this case where a scientist wants to use a model to present the results of his detailed scientific investigation. he should do it as it will him to make the audience understand the concept in a much better way. also, it can be changed according to new scientific understandings.

because u need two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei to form isotopes.

so since they all have the same shape? i mean maybe because m& m and reeses are both chocolates