Why is it harder to remove an electron from fluorine than from carbon, or, to put it another way, why are the valence electrons of fluorine more strongly bound than those of carbon?

The valence electrons of both fluorine and
carbon are found at about the same distance
from their respective nuclei but the greater
positive charge of the fluorine nucleus attracts
its valence electrons more strongly.

Only one reactant yields 2 or more products. meaning you will only have 1 product and it will break down into 2 or more products. eg. h2o -> h2 + o2

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