15.0 moles of gas are in a 4.00 l tank at 23.9 ∘c . calculate the difference in pressure between methane and an ideal gas under these conditions. the van der waals constants for methane are a=2.300l2⋅atm/mol2 and b=0.0430 l/mol.

14.8 atm  

Step-by-step explanation:

(a) Ideal Gas Law

The equation for the Ideal Gas Law is

pV = nRT     Divide each side by V

 p = (nRT)/V

Data:

n = 15.0 mol

R = 0.082 06 L·atm·K⁻¹mol⁻¹

T = 23.9 °C

V = 4.00 L

Calculations:

(i) Convert temperature to Kelvins

T = (23.9 + 273.15) K

  = 297.05 K

(ii) Calculate the pressure

p = (15.0 × 0.082 06 × 297.05)/4.00

  = 91.4 atm

The pressure predicted by the Ideal Gas Law is 91.4 atm.

(b) van der Waals gas

The van der Waals equation is

[p + (n²a)/V²)](V - nb) = nRT                   Divide each side by (V - nb)

             p + (n²a)/V² = (nRT)/(V - nb)     Subtract (n²a)/V² from each side

                                         p = (nRT)/(V - nb) - (n²a)/V²

(i) Data:

a=2.300 L²⋅atm·mol⁻²

b=0.0430 L·mol⁻¹

(ii) Calculation:

p = (15.0 × 0.082 06 × 297.05)/(4.00 – 15.0 × 0.0430)

      - (15.0² × 2.300)/4.00²

  = 365.6/(4.00 - 0.645) - 517.5/16

  = 365.6/3.355 - 32.34

  = 109.0 - 32.34

  = 76.6 atm

The pressure predicted by the van der Waals equation is 76.6 atm.

(iii) The pressure difference

p(Ideal) - p(vdW) = 91.4 - 76.6

                           = 14.8 atm

the electronic configuration of an atom with eight electrons is 1s²2s²2p⁴. the orbital diagrams are shown in the figure.

as per the hunds rule:

1. electrons tend to avoid being in the same orbital as per as practicable.

2. electrons in different orbitals of the same energy will have their spin parallel.

this can be illustrated from the multiplicity of the orbitals of the atom. as there are four electrons in the p orbital and p orbital has 3 sub-shells. the electrons can be fed in different ways as shown in the figure but the correct orbital diagram will be as per the hunds rule.

pre-sliced bread is a relatively recent development in baking technology. previous to that, it was always sold in a bakery in daily-made contiguous loaves with no wrapping, and was moderately perishable, usually being used with a day or two (which is why every bakery had a discounted “day-old” bread table.) therefore, pre-sliced bread would grow stale quickly. the hard crust provided a protective layer, and once the exposed dry slice left from the previous cut was removed, the interior was still soft.

what keeps bread soft is the moisture retained in the crumb (the light spongy part that’s not crust). the reason the crust develops is the surface of the dough gets exposed to hot dry air during baking which browns the outer layer and seals it, preventing all the moisture from escaping the dough. longer exposure to air will also eventually cause your bread to lose flavor and become stale.

people were used to cutting slices as they needed them and storing bread in a specially-made wooden or metal breadbox or pail with a lid to preserve it longer, but the first automatically sliced commercial loaves were produced on july 6, 1928, in chillicothe, missouri, using a machine invented by otto rohwedder, an iowa-born, missouri-based jeweler.[1] pre-sliced bread would indeed dry out, were it not for another 20th century technology: the plastic bag. bread could now be pre-sliced, and if the enclosing bag remains sealed as much as possible, the bread will remain soft and fresh for longer than if sitting unwrapped on a shelf or enclosed in a bread box that is not air-tight. sealed packaging meant bread could also be sold on store shelves and eliminate frequent trips to a bakery.

sealing bread in a plastic bag had another effect: the moisture in the loaf will re-distribute into the crust and soften it, which is sometimes more pleasing in a sandwich - especially for children whose teeth might not yet be strong enough to tear through a hard crust. a homemade loaf of bread can be sealed in a bag overnight and the crust will become soft like store-bought sandwich bread.

these were novel changes in how bread was produced and sold, which led to the coining of the phrase “the greatest thing since sliced bread.”