The largest change in ph for an effective buffer occurs when the base is how many times as concentrated as the acid?
(a) 25
(b) 10
(c) 5
(d) 40
(e) 8

In this problem, you will determine the biosynthetic cost of generating the amino acid serine from glucose used as food. the biosynthetic costs of all the amino acids are given in table 5.1, and now you will get a first-hand sense of how to obtain those values. visit the website and find the metabolic pathways for serine synthesis and glycolysis. the starting molecule of the serine synthesis pathway is an intermediate in glycolysis. how many molecules of glucose must be taken up to provide the carbon skeleton used to make serine? draw the biochemical pathway starting with glucose and ending in serine, labeling the energy-requiring and energy-generating steps. how many molecules of atp are consumed and created along the way? how many reducing equivalents of nadh and nadph are consumed or created along the way? in order to answer this question completely, you may need to consider a few other pathways as well. for example, it is likely that the displayed glycolysis pathway does not actually start with glucose. to get glucose 6-phosphate from glucose requires 1 atp. one of the steps in the serine synthesis pathway is coupled to a conversion of l-glutamate to 2-ketoglutarate.