Define/differentiate
a. enzyme
b. active site
c. substrate
d. enzyme vs isoenzyme
e. cofactor vs covalent modulators vs coenzyme
e. allosteric inhibition vs allosteric activation

Answers & Explanation:

a. Enzymes are each of the proteins produced by living beings, capable of accelerating chemical reactions related to vital functions. Each enzyme works in a specific way, always acting on a given compound, always in the same reaction.

b. The active site is a substrate-specific(each one has a different format) molecule to which the enzyme can bind. And for that, both the substrate and the enzyme can change their structures, fitting perfectly as if they were lock and key.

c. Substrate is the compound on which the enzyme performs its function. The specific binding between an enzyme and a substrate is related to the three-dimensional form of both substances.

d. Enzymes are proteins that accelerate reactions, decreasing the amount of energy needed for that specific reaction.

   Isoenzymes are multiple forms of an enzyme molecule, capable of catalyzing the same reaction.

e. Some enzymes do not work on their own and need a cofactor, a substance needed to activate an enzyme.

The binding between cofactor and enzyme is temporary, and when they are not bound, the enzyme becomes inactive. The cofactors may be organic (such as vitamins) or inorganic (minerals such as zinc, magnesium and calcium).

Coenzymes are non-protein organic substances essential for the functioning of some enzymes.

Many vitamins, for example, are important because they are coenzymes in vital processes, such as coenzyme A, important for the cellular respiration.

Covalent modulation occurs when there is covalent modification of the molecules of an enzyme, with conversion between active/inactive forms.

f. After the onset of enzyme activity begins, the high concentration of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) acts as a signal to inhibit enzyme activity from accelerating reactions.

When the enzyme action continues, the ATP concentration drops, and this feedback system sends the signal again, but this time to the activators, starting the enzymatic activity again.

here we have to get the change of moles on decrease the volume of the reaction in gas phase.

the   per the given options it will decrease by (d) 11-50%

we know, on decreasing the volume of the gas phase reaction the reaction moves to the product side.

the reaction:                     so₂cl₂ (g) = so₂ (g) + cl₂ (g)         total

the moles at equilibrium:   1 - α                 α               α           = 1+α

concentrations:                   1 - α               α               α           = 1 + α

(concentration = moles/volume, as volume is 1 l)

(where α is the degree of dissociation)

now the dissociation constant in terms of concentration is :

=  

or,

or,   = (at v = 1l)

the reaction:                     so₂cl₂ (g) = so₂ (g) + cl₂ (g)         total

the moles at equilibrium:   1 - α                 α               α           = 1+α

concentrations:               (1 - α)/0.5           α/0.5         α/0.5       = (1 + α)/0.5

thus, the dissociation constant in terms of concentration is :

or,  

=  

so, the change of 1 : 1/0.5

or, 1: 2

thus it will decrease by 50%.

or, as per the given options it will decrease by 11-50%

explanation:

let the different atoms be x and y. each with four protons and same mass will be represented as follows.

mass number is number of protons + number of neutrons.

            and  

since, it is given that one has a negative charge while the other is neutral. therefore, there will be increase in number of protons and the atom will be represented as follows.

according to periodic table, mass number of beryllium is 9 and it has atomic number 4 so, the atoms will be and .  

the protons and neutrons will be located inside the nucleus whereas the electrons will be revolving around the nucleus.