When a liquid is placed inside a graduated cylinder, and it has a dipped look in the center. what do we call this?

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Graduated cylinder or measuring cylinder, commonly used in the laboratories, is a large cylindrical column used to measure the quantity of a solvent or a liquid. The liquid is poured in the  measuring cylinder to the desired amount. The gradations marked over the measuring cylinder give the exact amount of liquid poured. This gradation or scale is read by recording the line on the scale touched by the bottom of the meniscus of a liquid. Meniscus is the concave shaped surface of the liquid.  

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explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.