3. in which process do substances have to be in direct contact when heat moves
from areas of more heat to areas of less heat?
conduction
convection
radiation
none of the above

the leaf is an organ of a typical plant, and the main functions are to complete photosynthesis and allow the plant to exchange gas, just like how we have the respiratory system. leaves have the stomata, which collects maintains co2 and o2 levels. this is necessary for cell metabolism. the leaf also collects sunlight using chloroplasts. succinctly, leaves own a pivotal role in sustaining plant life.

aquifers are bounded above and below by impermeable rock. the driving force of groundwater movement in confined aquifers is pressure, rather than gravity.

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.