2. when carbohydrates are oxidized, the c-h bonds of the carbohydrate become c=o bonds of carbon dioxide. oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons, but carbon does not become positively charged in the process. why then is this considered oxidation?
a) the shared electrons in c-o bonds spend less time close to the carbon nucleus than the shared electrons in c-h bonds.
b) electrons in the c=o bonds are higher energy than the electrons in the c-h bonds.
c) c=o bonds in co2 are double bonds, and c-h bonds are single bonds.
d) the phosphate groups of atp are ionized, and carbons donate those electrons.

A) The shared electrons in C-O bonds spend less time close to the carbon nucleus than the shared electrons in C-H bonds.

Explanation:

The electronegativity from H is 2.2, from C is 2.55 and from O is 3.44. This property is the measure of the attractive force between an atom and a pair of electrons.

So, the difference of electronegativity of H and C is smaller than the difference between O and C. Because oxygen is more electronegative, the electrons stay close to it in the bond C=O. So carbon has a partial positive charge in that bond. For the bond C-H, the shared electrons stay closes to carbon.

we can conclude that the melting point of table salt is above room temperature (it's actually 801 deg c). the melting point of mercury must be below room temperature (- 39 deg c).