Experiment 7 each reaction used an excess or extra of the reagent needed to push copper through the cycle of reactions. why use an excess instead of just enough to react with the amount of copper used?

the mass of the cathode increases because ions from the solution get reduced to atoms and become part of the cathode.

explanation:

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vanderwaal's forces of attraction are the electrostatic intermolecular forces that exist in a molecule due to the temporary or permanent dipoles that are developed in a molecule. in , the major intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions as the molecule is polar (bent structure). so the vanderwaal's forces of interaction in between molecules are the permanent dipole-dipole interactions that develop due to the dipole that exists in between the polar h - s bond. the positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted towards the negative end of the dipole that is sulfur of the adjacent molecule. therefore, these forces of attraction are relatively stronger than that of london dispersion forces that exist in non polar molecules.