What conditions will cause a redox reaction to be nonspontaneous?
o
a. the sum of the voltages of the oxidation and reduction half-
reactions is positive.
o
b. the reduced element is higher on the potential list than the
oxidized element.
the half-reaction for the reduced element has a negative standard
potential.
o
d. the sum of the voltages of the oxidation and reduction half-
reactions is negative.

1)each group 16 element has how many valence electrons? ( )4 ( )6 ( )8 ( )16 2)how many dots appear in the dot structure for calcium ion, ca2+? ( )zero ( )one ( )two ( )eight 3) which of the following atoms forms a cation to obtain an octet of outer shell electrons? ( )magnesium ( )oxygen ( )fluorine ( )helium 4) an al3+ ion contains 13 protons and 10 electrons. ( )true ( )false 5) valence and non-valence electrons are represented in lewis dot structures. ( )true ( )false