What is difficult to determine in the process of adaptation unless there is a closely related species to which you can compare findings?

it is difficult to determine
in the process of adaptation unless you can compare findings of one species to a closely related species.

lithosphere and asthenosphere

it is to be noted that an alpha particle is an helium nucleus. so it contains 2 protons 2 neutrons and has a mass number of 4. when alpha decay particles are ejected from the nucleus it gets transformed into an atom which has atomic number less than 2 and a mass number less than 4.

an equation that could represent alpha decay is radium 226 decay of alpha particle forms radon 222.

→

c. 75.7

i think that is the right

b.

the accuracy of the data.