The distribution of na ions across a typical biological membrane is 10 mmol l1 inside the cell and 140 mmol l1 outside the cell. at equilibrium the concentrations are equal. what is the gibbs energy difference across the membrane at 37°c? the difference in concentration must be sustained by coupling to reactions that have at least that difference of gibbs energy

when the volume of gas is   changed from   717.73 ml   to 852 ml   the temperature will   change   from 315   c to 452   c

    calculation

this is calculated using the charles law formula

that is,   v1/t1 = v2/t2

          v1=?

        t1 = 315 c   into   kelvin = 315 +273 = 588 k

        v2 = 852   ml

        t2 = 425c + 273 =698 k

make v1   the subject of the formula ( by   multiplying both side by t1)

  v1=( v2 xt1) / t2

v1= (852 ml   x 588 k)/ 698 k= 717.73 ml

c. electrical charges of ionic bonds.